Keratoconus is a progressive eye disorder in which the cornea, the clear front layer of the eye, thins and begins to bulge outward into a cone-like shape. This irregularity distorts the way light enters the eye, often leading to nearsightedness and astigmatism. The condition typically develops between the ages of 10 and 25 and may progress for several years. Early detection and appropriate treatment can help manage symptoms and preserve vision.
Causes and Risk Factors
The exact cause of keratoconus remains unknown, but research suggests a combination of genetic, environmental, and hormonal factors. Some potential risk factors include:
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Frequent eye rubbing, which may contribute to corneal thinning.
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Long-term use of poorly fitted contact lenses.
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Genetic predisposition, though no absolute hereditary link has been confirmed.
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Endocrine system imbalances, as keratoconus often emerges during puberty and may worsen during pregnancy.
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Certain conditions, such as Down syndrome, that have a higher association with keratoconus.
Symptoms of Keratoconus
Keratoconus symptoms can vary but often include:
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Blurred or distorted vision that worsens over time.
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Increased sensitivity to bright lights and glare.
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Frequent changes in eyeglass or contact lens prescriptions.
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Eye strain, irritation, and headaches.
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Halos around lights, especially at night.
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A noticeable cone-shaped bulging of the cornea in advanced cases.
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In severe cases, corneal ruptures may cause hazy or cloudy vision.
Diagnosis of Keratoconus
Because the symptoms of keratoconus can resemble those of other corneal disorders, a thorough eye examination is required for diagnosis. Eye care providers may use the following diagnostic tools:
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Slit Lamp Examination: A microscopic inspection of the cornea to check for thinning, stress lines, and scarring.
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Keratometry: A device that measures corneal curvature to assess abnormalities.
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Corneal Topography: A detailed mapping of the cornea’s surface to detect early changes in its shape.
Treatment Options
The treatment for keratoconus depends on its severity and progression. Options include:
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Eyeglasses and Contact Lenses: In the early stages, vision can often be corrected with prescription glasses or soft contact lenses. As keratoconus advances, rigid gas-permeable, scleral, or hybrid contact lenses may be required.
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Corneal Collagen Cross-Linking (CXL): A non-surgical procedure that strengthens the cornea by applying riboflavin (vitamin B2) eye drops and exposing the cornea to ultraviolet light. This treatment helps slow or halt progression but does not reverse existing corneal changes.
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Intacs Surgery: Small, thin plastic implants are inserted into the cornea to flatten its shape, improving vision and reducing the need for stronger prescription lenses.
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Corneal Transplant: For severe cases where the cornea becomes too thin or scarred, a corneal transplant may be necessary. According to the National Eye Institute, this procedure has a high success rate in restoring vision.
When to Seek Help
If you experience frequent changes in vision, increased light sensitivity, or persistent blurriness, you may have keratoconus. Early detection and intervention can significantly improve your quality of life. Contact us today to schedule a comprehensive eye exam and discuss the best treatment options for your needs.